Svartholm ( Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1968), p. Scientists know that these oscillations depend on neutrinos’ energy, among other parameters, but that energy is very challenging to estimate. Having essentially no mass and no electric charge, the neutrino is similar to the photon as an astronomical messenger, except for one important attribute: its interactions with matter are extremely feeble. Salam, Elementary particle physics: Relativistic groups and analyticity, in 8th Nobel Symp., ed. Neutrinos travel from the edge of the Universe without absorption and with no deflection by magnetic fields. Yanagida, Physics of Neutrinos and Applications to Astrophysics, 1st edn. Pal, Massive Neutrinos in Physics and Astrophysics, 3rd edn. Pauli, Pauli letter collection: letter to Lise Meitner (1930). Efforts have been made to discuss the neutrino interactions and cross sections based on the target element in the detector rather than interactions across the energy scale so as to understand the working principle and interaction mechanism in prospective neutrino detectors. We have also discussed the detection principle of neutrino detectors around the globe till date. We have presented a survey on neutrino interactions and cross sections in a concise format. With the advent of new precision experiments and intense neutrino sources constructed to investigate neutrino oscillations, the seemingly small neutrino interaction cross section demands precision measurements for a better understanding. Neutrino cross sections are an essential constituent in neutrino experiments to study neutrino properties and their sources. Yet the nearly massless particles interact with other matter so feebly that the experiment, known as T2K, has captured fewer than 600. Neutrino interaction with detector constituents plays a critical role in neutrino physics which concerns the cross section measurements. For 12 years, scientists in Japan have fired trillions of neutrinos hundreds of kilometers through Earth to a gigantic subterranean detector called Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) to study their shifting properties. While charged current neutrino scattering events can be cleanly identified by an energetic lepton exiting the interaction vertex, neutral current interactions are more difficult to detect. The Beyond Standard Model physics of electroweak interactions became evident with the plethora of sophisticated neutrino detectors across the globe. In detecting neutrinos from the Large Hadron Collider, FASER will record the most energetic laboratory neutrinos ever studied. Both experimentally and theoretically, neutrino physics thrives to be the most active and volatile area of research. Let us consider a neutrino-nucleus interaction in which a low or intermediate energy neutrino (or antineutrino) is scattered inelastically from a nucleus ( A, Z ).
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